Excerpt from “Divergent Worlds: What the Ancient Mediterranean and Indian Ocean Can Tell Us About the Future of International Order” by Amitav Acharya & Manjeet S Pardesi
A dynamic and interactionist multiplex order existed in the classical eastern Indian Ocean corresponding with modern Southeast Asia (~1st—15th centuries CE). This regional order was not the product of superior Chinese imperial/material power, or some essentialist version of the tributary system. Nor did Indic ideas spread “naturally” into an ideational vacuum in Southeast Asia. This…












